using WhiteMagic.Hooking;
using WhiteMagic.Memory;
using WhiteMagic.Native;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;

namespace WhiteMagic;

/// <summary>
/// Abstract base for all memory-access readers and writers. Provides typed
/// <see cref="Read{T}"/>/<see cref="Write{T}"/>, array IO, string IO, and
/// relative/absolute addressing. Subclasses implement the concrete
/// <see cref="ReadBytes"/> and <see cref="WriteBytes"/> methods.
/// </summary>
public abstract class MemoryBase : IDisposable
{
    /// <summary>Creates the shared hooking managers for this memory instance.</summary>
    protected MemoryBase()
    {
        PatchManager = new PatchManager(this);
        DetourManager = new DetourManager(this);
    }

    /// <summary>The base address of the target process's main module.</summary>
    public abstract IntPtr ImageBase { get; }

    /// <summary>The native handle to the target process.</summary>
    public abstract SafeMemoryHandle Handle { get; }

    /// <summary><see langword="true"/> if the target process is 64-bit.</summary>
    public abstract bool Is64Bit { get; }

    /// <summary>The operating-system process identifier of the target process.</summary>
    public abstract int ProcessId { get; }

    /// <summary>Named byte-patch manager; valid for in-process and external readers.</summary>
    public PatchManager PatchManager { get; }

    /// <summary>Inline-detour manager; valid only when operating in-process.</summary>
    public DetourManager DetourManager { get; }

    // ── Raw byte IO ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// <summary>Reads a sequence of bytes from the target address.</summary>
    public abstract byte[] ReadBytes(IntPtr address, int count, bool isRelative = false);

    /// <summary>Writes a sequence of bytes to the target address.</summary>
    /// <returns>The number of bytes written.</returns>
    public abstract int WriteBytes(IntPtr address, ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, bool isRelative = false);

    // ── Typed IO ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// <summary>Reads a value of type <typeparamref name="T"/> from the target address.</summary>
    /// <returns>The value, or <c>default(T)</c> when the read fails or returns fewer bytes than
    /// <see cref="MarshalCache{T}.Size"/>.</returns>
    public T Read<T>(IntPtr address, bool isRelative = false) where T : struct
    {
        if (isRelative)
            address = GetAbsolute(address);

        int size = MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal ? MarshalCache<T>.MarshalSize : MarshalCache<T>.Size;
        byte[] raw = ReadBytes(address, size);

        if (raw.Length < size)
            return default;

        if (MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal)
            return MarshalByteArrayToStructure<T>(raw);

        return MemoryMarshal.Read<T>(raw.AsSpan());
    }

    /// <summary>Writes a value of type <typeparamref name="T"/> to the target address.</summary>
    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> if all bytes were written.</returns>
    public bool Write<T>(IntPtr address, T value, bool isRelative = false) where T : struct
    {
        if (isRelative)
            address = GetAbsolute(address);

        int size = MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal ? MarshalCache<T>.MarshalSize : MarshalCache<T>.Size;

        byte[] raw;
        if (MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal)
            raw = StructureToByteArray(value, size);
        else
        {
            raw = new byte[size];
            MemoryMarshal.Write(raw.AsSpan(), in value);
        }

        int written = WriteBytes(address, raw, false);
        return written == size;
    }

    /// <summary>Reads an array of values of type <typeparamref name="T"/> from the target address.</summary>
    /// <returns>An array of at most <paramref name="count"/> elements. May be shorter when the read
    /// returns fewer bytes than expected.</returns>
    public T[] Read<T>(IntPtr address, int count, bool isRelative = false) where T : struct
    {
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(count);

        if (isRelative)
            address = GetAbsolute(address);

        int elementSize = MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal ? MarshalCache<T>.MarshalSize : MarshalCache<T>.Size;
        long totalSize = (long)elementSize * count;
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfGreaterThan(totalSize, int.MaxValue, nameof(count));

        byte[] raw = ReadBytes(address, (int)totalSize);
        int actualCount = Math.Min(count, raw.Length / elementSize);

        var result = new T[actualCount];

        if (actualCount == 0)
            return result;

        if (MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal)
        {
            GCHandle pin = GCHandle.Alloc(raw, GCHandleType.Pinned);
            try
            {
                IntPtr basePtr = pin.AddrOfPinnedObject();
                for (int i = 0; i < actualCount; i++)
                    result[i] = Marshal.PtrToStructure<T>(basePtr + (i * elementSize));
            }
            finally
            {
                pin.Free();
            }
        }
        else
        {
            ReadOnlySpan<byte> span = raw;
            for (int i = 0; i < actualCount; i++)
                result[i] = MemoryMarshal.Read<T>(span.Slice(i * elementSize, elementSize));
        }

        return result;
    }

    /// <summary>Writes an array of values of type <typeparamref name="T"/> to the target address.</summary>
    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> if all bytes were written.</returns>
    public bool Write<T>(IntPtr address, T[] values, bool isRelative = false) where T : struct
    {
        if (isRelative)
            address = GetAbsolute(address);

        if (values is null || values.Length == 0)
            return true;

        int elementSize = MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal ? MarshalCache<T>.MarshalSize : MarshalCache<T>.Size;
        long total = (long)elementSize * values.Length;
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfGreaterThan(total, int.MaxValue, nameof(values));
        int totalSize = (int)total;
        byte[] raw = new byte[totalSize];

        Span<byte> span = raw;
        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
        {
            Span<byte> slice = span.Slice(i * elementSize, elementSize);
            if (MarshalCache<T>.TypeRequiresMarshal)
                StructureToByteArray(values[i], slice, elementSize);
            else
                MemoryMarshal.Write(slice, in values[i]);
        }

        int written = WriteBytes(address, raw, false);
        return written == totalSize;
    }

    // ── String IO ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// <summary>Reads a null-terminated string from the target address by scanning in small
    /// chunks. Stops at the null terminator, the maximum length, or the first page boundary
    /// that fails to read (avoids an atomic failure when a 512-byte window crosses an unmapped
    /// region).</summary>
    /// <param name="address">The address to read from. For multi-byte encodings this must be
    /// aligned to a code-unit boundary or the result is undefined.</param>
    /// <param name="encoding">The text encoding.</param>
    /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum number of bytes to read.</param>
    /// <param name="relative">If <see langword="true"/>, <paramref name="address"/> is relative
    /// to <see cref="ImageBase"/>.</param>
    /// <remarks>
    /// The scan is aligned to the encoding's code-unit width (1 byte for UTF-8/ASCII, 2 bytes
    /// for UTF-16, 4 bytes for UTF-32). The trailing bytes of each chunk are merged with the
    /// next chunk so a null terminator that straddles the chunk boundary is not missed.
    /// </remarks>
    public virtual string ReadString(IntPtr address, Encoding encoding, int maxLength = 512, bool relative = false)
    {
        if (relative)
            address = GetAbsolute(address);

        // The encoded null terminator. For ASCII/UTF-8 this is a single 0x00 byte;
        // for UTF-16 it is two zero bytes (0x00 0x00); for UTF-32 it is four.
        byte[] nullTerminator = encoding.GetBytes("\0");
        int nullLen = nullTerminator.Length;

        const int chunkSize = 64;
        int remaining = maxLength;
        var accumulated = new System.Collections.Generic.List<byte>();

        while (remaining > 0)
        {
            int take = Math.Min(chunkSize, remaining);
            byte[] chunk = ReadBytes(address + accumulated.Count, take);
            if (chunk.Length == 0)
                break;

            int previousLen = accumulated.Count;
            accumulated.AddRange(chunk);

            // Search the newly extended buffer at code-unit-aligned positions. A terminator
            // can start as far back as (nullLen - 1) bytes before the new bytes, so start
            // the search just before the previous end, rounded up to the next code-unit.
            int firstAligned = previousLen - (previousLen % nullLen);
            if (firstAligned < 0) firstAligned = 0;

            int limit = accumulated.Count - nullLen;
            for (int i = firstAligned; i <= limit; i += nullLen)
            {
                bool match = true;
                for (int j = 0; j < nullLen; j++)
                {
                    if (accumulated[i + j] != nullTerminator[j])
                    {
                        match = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                if (match)
                {
                    accumulated.RemoveRange(i, accumulated.Count - i);
                    remaining = 0;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (remaining > 0)
                remaining -= chunk.Length;
        }

        return encoding.GetString(System.Runtime.InteropServices.CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(accumulated));
    }

    /// <summary>Writes a null-terminated string to the target address.</summary>
    public virtual bool WriteString(IntPtr address, string value, Encoding encoding, bool relative = false)
    {
        if (value.Length == 0 || value[^1] != '\0')
            value += '\0';

        byte[] bytes = encoding.GetBytes(value);
        int written = WriteBytes(address, bytes, relative);
        return written == bytes.Length;
    }

    // ── Addressing ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// <summary>Converts a relative offset to an absolute address relative to <see cref="ImageBase"/>.</summary>
    public IntPtr GetAbsolute(IntPtr relative)
    {
        return ImageBase + (nint)relative;
    }

    /// <summary>Converts an absolute address to a relative offset from <see cref="ImageBase"/>.
    /// This is the inverse of <see cref="GetAbsolute"/>: <c>GetAbsolute(GetRelative(a)) == a</c>.</summary>
    public IntPtr GetRelative(IntPtr absolute)
    {
        return (IntPtr)((nint)absolute - (nint)ImageBase);
    }

    // ── Memory region query ────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// <summary>
    /// Queries the memory region that contains <paramref name="address"/> in the target
    /// process using <c>VirtualQueryEx</c>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>An immutable snapshot of the region.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">The query fails.</exception>
    public MemoryRegion QueryRegion(IntPtr address)
    {
        nuint bufferSize = (nuint)Marshal.SizeOf<MemoryBasicInformation>();
        nuint result = NativeMethods.VirtualQueryEx(Handle, address, out MemoryBasicInformation info, bufferSize);

        if (result == 0)
        {
            int error = Marshal.GetLastPInvokeError();
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"VirtualQueryEx failed for address 0x{address:X}: error {error}.");
        }

        return new MemoryRegion(info);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Enumerates the memory regions of the target process from the lowest address upward.
    /// The walk is lazy; callers can stop early without walking the entire address space.
    /// </summary>
    public IEnumerable<MemoryRegion> EnumerateRegions()
    {
        IntPtr address = IntPtr.Zero;
        nuint bufferSize = (nuint)Marshal.SizeOf<MemoryBasicInformation>();

        while (true)
        {
            nuint result = NativeMethods.VirtualQueryEx(Handle, address, out MemoryBasicInformation info, bufferSize);
            if (result == 0)
                yield break;

            yield return new MemoryRegion(info);
            IntPtr next = info.BaseAddress + (nint)info.RegionSize;
            if (next.ToInt64() <= address.ToInt64())
                yield break;

            address = next;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Changes the page protection on a region of memory and returns a disposable scope
    /// that restores the original protection on dispose, including when an exception escapes
    /// the guarded body.
    /// </summary>
    public ProtectionScope ChangeProtection(IntPtr address, nint size, MemoryProtectionType protection)
    {
        return new ProtectionScope(this, address, size, protection);
    }

    // ── Lifecycle ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual void Dispose()
    {
        DetourManager.RemoveAll();
        PatchManager.RestoreAll();
        Handle?.Dispose();
    }

    // ── Private helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    private static T MarshalByteArrayToStructure<T>(byte[] bytes) where T : struct
    {
        GCHandle pin = GCHandle.Alloc(bytes, GCHandleType.Pinned);
        try
        {
            return Marshal.PtrToStructure<T>(pin.AddrOfPinnedObject());
        }
        finally
        {
            pin.Free();
        }
    }

    private static byte[] StructureToByteArray<T>(T value, int size) where T : struct
    {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[size];
        GCHandle pin = GCHandle.Alloc(bytes, GCHandleType.Pinned);
        try
        {
            Marshal.StructureToPtr(value, pin.AddrOfPinnedObject(), false);
        }
        finally
        {
            pin.Free();
        }
        return bytes;
    }

    private static void StructureToByteArray<T>(T value, Span<byte> destination, int size) where T : struct
    {
        byte[] bytes = StructureToByteArray(value, size);
        bytes.CopyTo(destination);
    }

}